GAIDRY, J.
A former employee of a truck stop casino and her husband appeal a summary judgment dismissing their claims for damages for defamation and malicious prosecution against her former employer and its insurer. For the following reasons, we affirm the summary judgment.
The plaintiff,
The casino at the Houma Truck Stop and Casino had approximately 50 video poker machines. As casino manager, Ms. Grow had the primary responsibility for the "drops," or retrievals of cash, from each video poker machine. The drops were conducted twice a week on Monday and Thursday, and a courier service would transport the cash to be deposited in the bank on the same days. Jalou II had detailed written procedures describing the casino manager's duties related to each step to be followed in the "drop" procedure, counting the retrieved cash, preparing "drop reports," and maintaining a specified cash balance in the casino safe.
Near the end of May 2002, Ms. Liner, the general manager, instructed Ms. Grow to delay making a regular delivery of cash for deposit with the courier. Ms. Grow complied with Ms. Liner's request, despite her knowledge that the delay violated Jalou II's written procedures requiring regular scheduled deposits. It thereafter became an established practice, initiated at Ms. Liner's direction, for Ms. Grow to delay the regular deposits until the next regularly-scheduled deposit date, or even later. The practice continued on an uninterrupted basis until October 31, 2002, when Jalou II's management discovered its existence.
The treasurer of the Louisiana division of Jalou II's parent corporation had conducted an initial internal audit of the Houma Truck Stop and Casino that revealed chronic cash shortages and an ongoing pattern of delayed deposits from both the convenience store and casino operations, suggestive of a cash "kiting" or "lapping" scheme.
On the morning of November 1, 2002, Rick Gottardi, a vice-president of Jalou II, reported the theft of $210,014.69 to the Houma Police Department. Officer Lawrence Arceneaux was dispatched to the Houma Truck Stop and Casino, where he interviewed Mr. Gottardi and two other managerial employees of Jalou II. According to his initial written report, Officer Arceneaux was advised that approximately $87,836.69 had been "stolen" from the convenience
Detectives Kyle Faulk and Cory Johnson were assigned to conduct the investigation of the reported theft and went to the Houma Truck Stop and Casino later that morning. According to Detective Faulk's written report, dated November 19, 2002, Mr. Gottardi and another managerial employee of Jalou II advised Detective Faulk that Ms. Liner and Ms. Grow were "the two subjects that handled the money responsible [sic] for the deposits." He was also provided a copy of the initial audit showing an approximate figure of $210,014.69 missing.
Ms. Liner and Ms. Grow were both questioned on November 1, 2002. Ms. Liner initially denied any involvement in the misappropriation of the missing funds and denied having a gambling problem after being questioned by Detective Faulk regarding gambling "stubs," casino cards, and unexplained large bank deposit and withdrawal receipts found in her purse. Ms. Grow was also interviewed by Detective Faulk, and advised him that she had no knowledge of any missing funds and denied involvement in any theft of funds. She did admit to "hold[ing] back" deposits at Ms. Liner's direction, and further admitted that the practice was not "normal" and was "wrong to do."
During the course of her questioning, Ms. Liner eventually confessed to having taken "approximately $50,000 to $80,000 in cash," and later that day signed a written statement in which she stated:
At the time Ms. Liner was providing her written statement to Detective Faulk, Detective Johnson was obtaining a written statement from Ms. Grow. The statement, signed and initialed by Ms. Grow, read as follows:
Ms. Grow's employment with Jalou II was terminated on November 1, 2002, following a telephone conversation between her and Mr. Gottardi. Her written separation notice provided that she was discharged for "Not Following Proper Procedure Resulting in Lost Money, [sic]"
Ms. Liner was arrested on November 4, 2002, and charged with felony theft. The police investigation of the theft continued, and on November 6, 2002, Detective Faulk received further information from a Jalou II representative that the amount determined to be missing as of that time was approximately $226,231.87. On November 13, 2002, on the advice of counsel, Ms. Grow voluntarily appeared at the Houma City Police headquarters, where she was arrested by Detective Faulk and charged with one count of felony theft (theft over $500.00) under La. R.S. 14:67.
On December 15, 2002, Mr. Hamilton sent a detailed memorandum to the insurance agency that underwrote Jalou II's commercial crime policy, issued by Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland (Fidelity). In that memorandum, Mr. Hamilton set forth Jalou II's customary procedures relating to the daily accounting procedures for the casino, convenience store, and restaurant, the video poker machine "drops," cash held in the casino safe, and scheduled bank deposits. He also described the final findings of the internal audit. According to the audit, two methods were used to accomplish the theft of the missing funds: (1) the "kiting" of the regularly-scheduled deposits, and (2) direct theft from the casino safe. Examination of the daily accounting reports were compared with the deposit records, confirming substantial time lags in making the regular deposits for both the convenience store and the casino revenues. The "kiting" of the convenience store deposits began in March 2001, while the "kiting" of the casino deposits began around the end of May 2002. Some deposits from the video poker machine "drops" were documented as being ten to fifteen days late.
On September 5, 2003, Jalou II and Fidelity filed a joint petition seeking recovery of the missing funds from Ms. Liner and Ms. Grow. It was alleged that the total loss was in the amount of $261,954.71 and was "a result of the actions of the defendants,
On September 24, 2003, Ms. Liner filed an answer in the form of a general denial of the petition's allegations. Ms. Grow filed her answer on November 25, 2003, generally denying the petition's allegations and her liability, and further specially pleading "the affirmative defense[s] of error and mistake and contributory negligence."
On January 5, 2004, the Terrebonne Parish district attorney moved to nolle prosequi the charge of felony theft against Ms. Grow on the grounds of "insufficient evidence," based upon the "current investigations by law enforcement."
On August 30, 2004, Ms. Grow and her husband, Randy Grow (plaintiffs), filed a reconventional demand against Jalou II and Fidelity, alleging that the allegations resulting in her arrest were made without probable cause and with malice, the criminal charges against her were nolle prosequied, and that the defendants were liable to them for damages for malicious prosecution. Plaintiffs also alleged that they were defamed by allegations in the defendants' civil petition that Ms. Grow "stole or caused to be stolen" the amount of the missing funds claimed, and that the defendants' malicious prosecution and defamation caused her stress that aggravated her diabetes and kidney disease.
On October 21, 2004, Fidelity filed its answer to plaintiffs' reconventional demand, generally denying its allegations and incorporating a peremptory exception of no cause of action.
Jalou II's answer to plaintiffs' reconventional demand was filed on December 21, 2004. In its answer, it admitted that its petition in the principal action alleged that the loss claimed resulted from the actions of both Ms. Liner and Ms. Grow, and that the criminal charges against Ms. Grow were nolle prosequied, but otherwise denied all of plaintiffs' other substantive allegations. Jalou II specifically denied that it ever made a false or defamatory statement regarding plaintiffs, that there was any unprivileged communication to a third party, and that any statement it did make was malicious or negligent. Finally, it included a dilatory exception of prematurity as to plaintiffs' cause of action for defamation.
On December 1, 2008, Jalou II filed a motion for summary judgment, together with a supporting memorandum and exhibits, contending that it was entitled as a matter of law to judgment dismissing plaintiffs' causes of action for both malicious prosecution and defamation.
Both motions for summary judgment were originally fixed for hearing on January 30, 2009. On motion of plaintiff Debra A. Grow, the hearing on the motions was continued to March 27, 2009. Jalou II subsequently moved to continue the hearing again, and the hearing was re-fixed for May 1, 2009. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court took the matter under advisement for decision, granting the parties leave to file post-hearing memoranda.
The trial court rendered and signed its judgment on the motions on May 28, 2009, granting summary judgment in favor of both defendants and dismissing plaintiffs' reconventional demand with prejudice. Plaintiffs then moved to amend the summary
Plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred in (1) granting the defendants' motions for summary judgment and dismissing plaintiffs' reconventional demand for defamation and malicious prosecution; and (2) allowing the defendants to assert the defense of conditional or qualified privilege in their motions for summary judgment when they did not plead it as an affirmative defense in their answers to the reconventional demand.
As later clarified by plaintiffs, their claims for defamation and malicious prosecution for statements contributing to the criminal investigation and arrest of Ms. Grow are directed against Jalou II only. Their claims for defamation for the allegations of the civil petition filed by Fidelity and Jalou II are directed against both of those defendants.
Summary judgment is subject to de novo review on appeal, using the same standards applicable to the trial court's determination of the issues. Peak Performance Physical Therapy & Fitness, LLC v. Hibernia Corp., 07-2206, p. 5 (La. App. 1st Cir.6/6/08), 992 So.2d 527, 530, writ denied, 08-1478 (La.10/3/08), 992 So.2d 1018. The summary judgment procedure is expressly favored in the law, and is designed to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of non-domestic civil actions. La. C.C.P. art. 966(A)(2). Summary judgment is appropriate if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, admissions, and affidavits in the record show that there is no genuine issue as to material fact, and that the mover is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. La. C.C.P. art. 966(B).
The mover has the burden of proof that he is entitled to summary judgment. See La. C.C.P. art. 966(C)(2). If the mover will not bear the burden of proof at trial on the subject matter of the motion, he need only demonstrate the absence of factual support for one or more essential elements of his opponent's claim, action, or defense. La. C.C.P. art. 966(C)(2). If the moving party points out that there is an absence of factual support for one or more elements essential to the adverse party's claim, action, or defense, then the nonmoving party must produce factual support sufficient to satisfy his evidentiary burden at trial. La. C.C.P. art. 966(C)(2). If the mover has put forth supporting proof through affidavits or otherwise, the adverse party may not rest on the mere
Because of their chilling effect on the exercise of freedom of speech, defamation actions have been found particularly susceptible to summary judgment. Kennedy v. Sheriff of E. Baton Rouge, 05-1418, p. 25 (La.7/10/06), 935 So.2d 669, 686. Summary judgment, being favored in the law, is a useful procedural tool and an effective screening device to eliminate unmeritorious defamation actions that threaten the exercise of First Amendment rights. Id.
Plaintiffs contend that Ms. Grow was defamed by Jalou II's communications to the police reporting the theft of its funds. The particular statements forming the basis of that alleged defamation were allegedly documented in police investigative reports, previously described above. As described by plaintiffs, the particular statements by Jalou II's representatives reported a large "theft," in which an amount was "stolen" from the convenience store operation and an additional amount "taken" from the casino operation, and identifying "the possible suspects in the theft" as Ms. Liner and Ms. Grow.
In their petition in the principal action, Jalou II and Fidelity alleged that Fidelity issued a "Commercial Crime Policy" to Jalou II, and that "[t]he policy protected the insured from loss resulting from the dishonesty of its employees as defined in the policy." They alleged that Jalou II "sustained a loss of $261,945.71 through the acts of defendants, Sandra L. Liner and Debbie [sic] A. Grow," and that Jalou II submitted proof of its loss under Fidelity's policy. They further alleged that after investigating Jalou II's claim, Fidelity determined that the loss had been sustained and was covered under the policy, and accordingly paid its policy limits of $150,000.00 to Jalou II "[a]s a direct result of the conduct of defendants, Sandra L. Liner and Debbie [sic] A. Grow."
Attached as exhibits
Finally, another exhibit to the petition was a notarized "Release and Assignment" executed by Mr. Hamilton on behalf of Jalou II in favor of Fidelity, by which Jalou II acknowledged satisfaction of its claim under the policy and Fidelity's subrogation to its right to pursue recovery of the sum paid under the policy. That document also described the proof of loss submitted by Jalou II as "alleging that through the acts of employee dishonesty by the Insured's employees, Sandra Liner and Debbie [sic] Grow ..., Insured has sustained a net loss of $261,945.71[.]"
In Louisiana, privilege relating to a communication is a defense to a defamation action. Kennedy, 05-1418 at p. 16, 935 So.2d at 681. The defense is founded upon the principle that as a matter of public policy, in order to encourage the free communication of views in certain defined instances, a person is sometimes justified in communicating defamatory information to others without incurring liability. Id., citing Toomer v. Breaux, 146 So.2d 723, 725 (La.App. 3rd Cir.1962).
Privileged communications may be either (1) absolute (such as statements by judges in judicial proceedings or legislators in legislative proceedings) or (2) conditional, or qualified. Kennedy, 05-1418 at p. 16, 935 So.2d at 681. The basic elements of a conditional privilege are (1) good faith; (2) an interest to be upheld; (3) a statement limited in scope to that interest; (4) a proper occasion for the communication of the statement; and (5) publication in a proper manner and to proper parties only. Id., citing Madison v. Bolton, 234 La. 997, 102 So.2d 433, 439 n. 7 (La.1958).
The analysis of whether a conditional privilege exists is a two-step process. Kennedy, 05-1418 at pp. 17-18, 935 So.2d at 682. First, it must be determined as a matter of law whether the circumstances in which a communication was made satisfy the legal requirements for invoking the conditional privilege. Smith v. Our Lady of the Lake Hosp., 93-2512, p. 18 (La.7/5/94), 639 So.2d 730, 745. The second step requires a determination of whether the privilege was abused, which requires a factual determination that malice or lack of good faith existed. Id.
Conditional privilege is an affirmative defense to a cause of action for defamation that must be affirmatively or specially pleaded in a defendant's answer. See Costello v. Hardy, 03-1146, p. 16 n. 13 (La.1/21/04), 864 So.2d 129, 142 n. 13, and La. C.C.P. art. 1005. In their second assignment of error, plaintiffs contend that Jalou II and Fidelity did not affirmatively plead the defense of conditional or qualified privilege in their answers to plaintiffs' reconventional demand, and that the trial court was therefore precluded from considering that issue for purposes of summary judgment. We address this assignment of error first, as the determination of that procedural issue will substantially affect our determination of the first and primary assignment of error relating to the merits of the summary judgment.
In its answer to plaintiffs' reconventional demand, filed on December 21, 2004, Jalou II denied plaintiffs' allegations that it defamed her. After responding to the allegations of each paragraph of the reconventional demand, it set forth the following allegations in an additional paragraph of its answer:
(Emphasis added.)
On its face and in the context of the other sentences, the emphasized sentence raised the issue of the privileged nature of any statement Jalou II made and published to a third party. By denying that any statement it did make to a third person was "unprivileged," Jalou II in effect alleged that any such statement was privileged. We conclude that such allegation is adequate for purposes of pleading the affirmative defense of conditional privilege and gave plaintiffs fair notice of that defense. See Paxton v. Ballard, 289 So.2d 85, 86-88 (La.1974), and La. C.C.P. arts. 865 and 5051. Thus, plaintiffs had notice that the affirmative defense of conditional privilege had been placed at issue by Jalou II almost four years prior to the filing of defendants' joint motion for summary judgment.
In addition to the affirmative allegation in its answer, Jalou II again expressly and specifically invoked the defense of conditional privilege in its motion for summary judgment. In a separate addendum attached to its motion, Jalou II listed the material facts that it contended were undisputed, including the following:
In its answer to plaintiffs' reconventional demand, Fidelity did not assert an affirmative allegation raising the defense of privilege. It did, however, incorporate a peremptory exception of no cause of action in its answer, and it later filed its own motion for summary judgment, adopting by reference the allegations of Jalou II's motion and the argument of its supporting memorandum, both of which specifically addressed the defense of conditional privilege.
By definition, an affirmative defense raises a new matter or issue that will defeat the plaintiffs claim on the merits, even assuming that claim is valid and that the allegations of the petition are true. See Webster v. Rushing, 316 So.2d 111, 114 (La.1975); Fishbein v. State ex rel. LSU Health Sciences Ctr., 06-0549, p. 6 (La. App. 1st Cir.3/9/07), 960 So.2d 67, 71-2, writs denied, 07-0730 (La.6/22/07), 959 So.2d 495, and 07-0708 (La.6/22/07), 959 So.2d 505.
Similarly, as emphasized by Fidelity in the trial court and on appeal, it has been held that if the existence of an affirmative defense is apparent on the face of the factual allegations of the petition, a court may properly consider such a defense at issue for the purpose of determining its applicability, even on summary judgment. See Rogers v. Ash Grove Cement Co., 34,934, p. 6 (La.App. 2nd Cir.11/2/01), 799 So.2d 841, 846, writ denied, 01-3187 (La.2/8/02), 808 So.2d 351, and Vincent v. Miller, 03-0759, p. 2 (La.App. 3rd Cir.2/4/04), 867 So.2d 780, 783. Under such circumstances, the affirmative defense has in effect been placed at issue by the plaintiff himself, and it would be unduly technical and pedantic to insist upon rigid adherence to the requirement that the defense be specially pleaded in an answer when it is clear that the defendant has in fact asserted the defense.
Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 1154 provides:
A trial court has great discretion to admit or to disallow evidence subject to an objection based upon the scope of the issues and pleadings and to determine whether evidence is encompassed by the general issues raised by the pleadings. Barabay Prop. Holding Corp. v. Boh Bros. Constr. Co., L.L.C., 07-2005, p. 5 (La.App. 1st Cir.5/2/08), 991 So.2d 74, 78, writ granted, 08-1185 (La.10/10/08), 993 So.2d 1270, writ denied as improvidently granted, 08-1185 (La.3/17/09), 6 So.3d 172. It
At the hearing of May 1, 2009, Jalou II's counsel argued that the affirmative defense of conditional privilege was, at a minimum, "implied" in its pleadings, and that even if it were not, the defendants could still seek to amend their answers to plead the defense, given the case's procedural posture. On that point, plaintiffs' counsel responded that the deposition of Mr. Hamilton was never taken because the defense of conditional privilege was never pleaded. In their post-hearing memorandum to the trial court, plaintiffs similarly argued that they "would have the right to object to leave being granted to [defendants] to amend their answers due to the large amount of time that has passed" and that if leave were granted, "it would only be fair to allow Grow time to do discovery and take depositions on the issue of good faith." Significantly, however, plaintiffs never moved to strike or exclude the defense, and did not move for another continuance of the hearing pursuant to either La. C.C.P. arts. 1154 or 967(C).
In granting defendants' motions, the trial court did not expressly rule on the issue of the enlargement or amendment of the pleadings under La. C.C.P. art. 1154, but by implication it obviously permitted the enlargement and treated the issue of conditional privilege as having been raised. See Robinson v. Benson Motor Co. of New Orleans, 98-203, p. 5 (La.App. 5th Cir.8/25/98), 717 So.2d 1252, 1254, and Grant v. Boh Bros. Constr. Co., Inc., 00-1227, p. 3 (La.App. 4th Cir.4/25/01), 785 So.2d 1041, 1043. In light of all the foregoing considerations, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion or otherwise err in implicitly permitting enlargement or amendment of Fidelity's answer and in considering the issue of conditional privilege. Accordingly, plaintiffs' second assignment of error has no merit, and all issues bearing upon the merits of the summary judgment are properly before us.
Words that convey an element of personal disgrace, dishonesty, or disrepute are defamatory. Costello, 03-1146 at p. 13, 864 So.2d at 140. The question of whether the words convey a particular meaning that is defamatory is ultimately a legal question. Id. Four elements are necessary to establish a claim for defamation: (1) a false and defamatory statement
In Louisiana, defamatory words have been classified as either words that are defamatory per se or words susceptible of a defamatory meaning. Costello, 03-1146 at p. 13, 864 So.2d at 140. Words that expressly or implicitly accuse another of criminal conduct, or that by their very nature tend to injure one's personal or professional reputation, even without considering extrinsic facts or surrounding circumstances, are considered defamatory per se. Id., 03-1146 at pp. 13-14, 864 So.2d at 140. When a plaintiff proves publication of words that are defamatory per se, the elements of falsity and malice (or fault) are presumed, but may be rebutted by the defendant. Id., 03-1146 at p. 14, 864 So.2d at 140. When the words are not defamatory per se, a plaintiff must prove, in addition to defamatory meaning and publication, the elements of falsity, malice (or fault), and injury. Id.
A good faith report to law enforcement officers of suspected criminal activity may appropriately be characterized as speech on a matter of public concern. Kennedy, 05-1418 at p. 9, 935 So.2d at 677. Louisiana courts have recognized that the public has an interest in possible criminal activity being brought to the attention of the proper authorities, and have extended a conditional privilege to reports made in good faith. Id., 05-1418 at p. 19, 935 So.2d at 683. The conditional privilege is abused if the publisher (a) knows the matter to be false, or (b) acts in reckless disregard as to its truth or falsity. Id., 05-1418 at p. 22, 935 So.2d at 684.
Plaintiffs emphasize that Jalou II never questioned Ms. Grow about the findings of the audit or the facts underlying her delays in making deposits prior to contacting the police or prior to filing the civil petition with Fidelity, and that the defendants' malice, i.e., negligence or reckless disregard for the truth, should therefore be presumed. They further argue for the same reason that genuine issue of material fact therefore exists as to the issues of the defendants' malice and their good faith required to assert the conditional privilege.
In a case involving a private individual allegedly injured by a defamatory statement in a matter of public concern, the applicable standard of fault, or malice, is the following:
Kennedy, 05-1418 at p. 15, 935 So.2d at 681, citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 580B.
To establish reckless disregard of the truth, a plaintiff must prove that the publication was deliberately falsified, published despite the defendant's awareness of probable falsity, or the defendant in fact entertained serious doubts as to the truth of his publication. Kennedy, 05-1418 at pp. 28-9, 935 So.2d at 688. Even proof of gross negligence in the publication of a
Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 966(B) provides that summary judgment is appropriately rendered "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to material fact, and that mover is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 967(A) provides that "[supporting and opposing affidavits shall be made on personal knowledge, shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein."
Jalou II filed the affidavit of Mr. Hamilton in support of its motion for summary judgment. In his affidavit, Mr. Hamilton attested that at the time of the relevant events at issue, he was the vice-president of finance for Jalou II's parent corporation, and "ultimately responsible for the supervision of all financial transactions in connection with Jalou II." He testified that on October 31, 2002, he was informed by Jalou II's treasurer of the loss of funds from the casino and convenience store deposits for the Houma Truck Stop and Casino. He was also advised by the treasurer that the two employees responsible for the video poker machine "drops" and the bank deposits were Ms. Liner and Ms. Grow, and that because they were the only employees in charge of the safe and the deposits, "there was a strong suspicion that they may have been involved in the defalcation."
Mr. Hamilton further attested that "[a] couple of months later, after a full investigation and internal audit was conducted," he spoke with Captain John Hogenstadt of the Houma Police Department and provided him with the result of that internal audit, suggestive of a "kiting scheme" utilizing "late bank deposits," resulting in a loss of $261,945.71. Mr. Hamilton testified that when he informed Captain Hogenstadt of the foregoing, "[he] did not accuse Debra Grow of theft or misappropriation but simply reported the loss and the supporting documentation to him." Although he acknowledged that his statements to the police and to Fidelity attributed the financial losses to the actions of both Ms. Liner and Ms. Grow, Mr. Hamilton emphasized that at no time did he make any "defamatory comments," "false accusations," "disparaging comments," or "false statements that [he] knew to be untrue" about Ms. Grow. Finally, he affirmed that he "never possessed any malice or hatred toward Debra Grow."
In his affidavit, Detective Faulk described the initiation of the criminal complaint and his interviews with representatives of Jalou II and Ms. Grow. Detective Faulk unequivocally confirmed that "[a]t no time did ... any representative of Houma Truck Plaza [sic] accuse Ms. Grow of committing a theft," that Jalou II's representatives simply provided information that its internal audit showed missing or unaccounted funds from the casino, and that Ms. Liner and Ms. Grow were "the two people responsible for the deposits of the casino funds." Even if Jalou II representatives described Ms. Grow to the police as a "possible suspect in the theft" and both defendants obliquely alleged that she committed "acts of employee dishonesty"
The pleadings, admissions, affidavits, Ms. Grow's deposition, and other evidence in the record show that it is undisputed that the theft or conversion of the missing funds occurred, that the practice of delayed deposits served to conceal the theft, and that the ongoing "kiting" or "lapping" scheme was facilitated by Ms. Grow's acquiescence, whether knowing or negligent, to Ms. Liner's directives. Plaintiffs presented no affidavits in opposition to those of Detective Faulk and Mr. Hamilton. In her deposition, Ms. Grow admitted that she had no personal knowledge that any employee, agent, or other representative of Jalou II advised the police that she personally stole from Jalou II. She further acknowledged that her claim of defamation related to the criminal charge was based solely upon the fact that she was arrested after the police were advised only that she was one of the two employees responsible for handling the missing funds.
In Costello v. Hardy, the Louisiana supreme court adopted a negligence standard of liability in defamation actions by private individuals involving matters of private concern. Costello, 03-1146 at pp. 18-19, 864 So.2d at 143. In Kennedy, as previously noted, the same standard was adopted for actions by private individuals in matters of public concern. Kennedy, 05-1418 at p. 14, 935 So.2d at 680. Thus, in this case, the same general legal principles applicable to the alleged defamation related to the criminal action apply to the alleged defamation in the civil action instituted by the defendants. In cases of defamation alleged to arise from statements made in pleadings or otherwise in the course of a judicial proceeding, the conditional privilege operates to protect "minimally offensive allegations necessary to state a cause of action." See Costello, 03-1146 at p. 16 n. 13, 864 So.2d at 142 n. 13. As the supreme court has observed on a number of occasions, "[l]itigants must be free to allege facts constituting inappropriate conduct if there is any reasonable basis for such allegations and the misconduct is relevant to the proceeding." Id., citing Freeman v. Cooper, 414 So.2d 355, 359 (La.1982).
The allegations of the defendants' civil petition (incorporating the attached proof of loss and release forms) plainly can be read as supporting a legally cognizable cause of action against Ms. Grow for negligently facilitating and contributing to Ms. Liner's misappropriation of the missing funds, particularly when viewed in light of her undisputed knowledge of the irregularity of the delayed deposits, their violation of established company policy and procedures, and her admitted failure over an extended period of time to report Ms. Liner's violations to management. In light of the undisputed facts in the record, the defendants have adequately rebutted plaintiffs' conclusory allegations of bad faith, malice, and abuse of the privilege applicable to allegations in judicial proceedings, and we conclude that the privileged allegations of the defendants' civil petition are not defamatory as a matter of law.
With regard to the claim against Jalou II for malicious prosecution, our prior observations regarding the lack of proof as to the element of malice or negligence are applicable with equal force. Malicious prosecution actions have never been favored in our law, and the plaintiff in such an action must clearly establish that the forms of justice have been perverted to the gratification of private malice and the willful oppression of the innocent.
In a malicious prosecution action, there must be malice in fact. Id., 511 So.2d at 453. Any feeling of hatred, animosity, or ill will toward the plaintiff, of course, amounts to malice. Id. But malice is also found when the defendant uses the prosecution for the purpose of obtaining any private advantage (as, for example, a means to extort money, to collect a debt, or to intimidate witnesses in another action). Id. Malice may also be inferred from lack of probable cause or a finding of reckless disregard for the other person's rights. Id.
In his affidavit, Detective Faulk testified that after being supplied the initial information regarding the missing funds from the audit and the identity of the employees responsible for managing and depositing the funds, he and Detective Johnson conducted additional investigation. He confirmed that Ms. Grow advised him that she knew it was "wrong" to "hold back the deposits." Finally, he verified that he made the decision to arrest Ms. Grow "[b]ased upon the information gathered, [his] investigation and the statement given to [him] by Debra Grow." Here, the defendant's employees merely reported their suspicions to law enforcement personnel, and the law enforcement personnel thereupon conducted their own investigation. In light of Detective Faulk's uncontradicted affidavit, "any chain of causation regarding plaintiffs subsequent detention was broken," because "[t]he decision to detain plaintiff was made by the independent actions and investigation" of Detective Faulk. See Kennedy, 05-1418 at p. 32 n. 20, 935 So.2d at 690 n. 20. Thus, plaintiffs have further failed to show that they can likely prevail as to the issue of causation. See also Mitchell v. Villien, 08-1470, pp. 21-3 (La.App. 4th Cir.8/26/09), 19 So.3d 557, 572-73, writ denied, 09-2111 (La.12/11/09), 23 So.3d 923, and Adams v. Harrah's Bossier City Inv. Co., L.L.C., 41,468, pp. 5-6 (La.App. 2nd Cir.1/10/07), 948 So.2d 317, 320, writ denied, 07-0639 (La.5/11/07), 955 So.2d 1281. Summary judgment was clearly appropriate on the malicious prosecution claim as well as the defamation claims.
Here, the plaintiffs presented no direct, competent proof of a genuine issue of material fact supporting the existence of bad faith, malice, or reckless disregard for the truth in the privileged statements made on behalf of Jalou II to a law enforcement agency. They have further failed to meet their threshold burden of proof of abuse of the conditional privilege applicable to both Jalou II and Fidelity for those allegations relating to Ms. Grow in their civil petition. Finally, plaintiffs have failed to show that they will be able to meet their corresponding burden of proof of the elements of causation, absence of probable cause, and malice for their malicious prosecution claim.
In summary, plaintiffs failed to put forth factual support sufficient to establish that they could probably meet their burden of
The summary judgment in favor of the defendants in reconvention, Jalou II, Inc. and Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland, dismissing the reconventional demand of the plaintiffs in reconvention, Debra A. Grow and Randy Grow, is hereby affirmed. All costs of this appeal are assessed to the plaintiffs in reconvention.
(Emphasis added.)
